in which long-literate and long-industrialized societies are 
decidedly handicapped. The rich area of preliterate vitality felt 
the hot impact of radio. The message of radio is one of violent, 
unified implosion and resonance. For Africa, India, China, and 
even Russia, radio is a profound archaic force, a time bond with 
the most ancient past and long-forgotten experience.

     Tradition, in a word, is the sense of the total past as now . 
Its awakening is a natural result of radio impact and of electric 
information, in general. For the intensely literate population, 
however, radio engendered a profound unlocalizable sense of 
guilt that sometimes expressed itself in the fellow-traveller 
attitude. A newly found human involvement bred anxiety and 
insecurity and unpredictability. Since literacy had fostered an 
extreme of individualism, and radio had done just the opposite 
in reviving the ancient experience of kinship webs of deep tribal